Drug Testing the Less Fortunate - 1023 Words

Should drug testing be a necessity for all state and federal aid programs? Drug testing welfare recipients have been a major issue across the United States for a few years now. Many indicate that if working class people are subject to a test prior to hire or randomly during the duration of employment, why should those that don’t have to work for money not have the same treatment? The government estimated that random annual drug testing for welfare recipients would cost each taxpayer an additional four-thousand dollars per year. They say there is no punishment for failing a drug test, but is there. The lack of free money, food or health care to me seems like a punishment. I will briefly give a history of the attempts to reform the public assistance program and the need for drug testing. In the early 1980’s Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1985 made individuals who have three or more convictions for certain drug-related offenses permanently ineligible for various federal benefits. In 1996, Congress is when the thought process of drug testing for public assistance started. However, the years, these programs have been denied repeatedly. At the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in 2011 thirty six states put forth proposals around drug testing of public aid and food stamp (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - SNAP) recipients; however, only three states enacted legislation; Azizona, Flordia, and Missouri. In 2012, twenty-eight states setShow MoreRelatedCan Welfare Actually Be Harmful?1555 Words   |  7 Pagescareer training and drug testing possibly assist countless individuals in escaping the government entitlement trap and while doing so help reduce the nation’s debt? Let’s look at the history of the U. S. w elfare system. When did poor people begin to rely on the government for their basic necessities? Although the United States fought hard for its independence from Great Britain, in its early years, it adopted the British Poor Laws which assisted the less fortunate. The U. S. welfareRead MoreHiv / Aids And Young People : The Problem And The Solution1081 Words   |  5 Pagesprovisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The ACA strives to solve the issue HIV/AIDS by eliminating the main causes of transmission. The primary reasons for HIV/AIDS in young people are low rates of condom use, substance use, and low rates of testing. Through the stipulations of the ACA, the goals of Healthy People 2020 concerning HIV/AIDS among young people will be met. The major cause of HIV/AIDS among young people is unprotected sex. Many young people are failing to use condoms during sexualRead MoreIncome Inequality : A Problem Of Concern Since The 1920 S853 Words   |  4 Pagesbigger concern than now. Since the year 2000, the separation between the haves and have not has widened tremendously. I don’t have issue with those that earn more being taxed more, but I do have an issue with how it is distributed to those that are less fortunate. From what I understand, around 350 people make up the 1% of those that have excessive wealth in our country but don’t quote me on that. Their well didn’t necessarily come from trees it came from intelligence, hard work and perseverance. ThenRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing1506 Words   |  7 PagesName Teacher Class Date Drug Testing: Well-Fitting for Welfare â€Å"According to a new study released by the World Health Organization, the U.S leads the world and takes the gold for the use of tobacco, pot, and cocaine, far outpacing other countries†(US Ranks #1). According to an article on alternet.org America abuses drugs worse than any other country. It is no secret that the United States’ economy is nearing an all time low. With the economy being nearly as bad as ever in the history of ourRead MoreEnding The Aid Of Substance Abusers1727 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s taxpayers. To prevent this money from being wasted by those that are undeserving of government assistance, I believe that anyone applying for or receiving welfare should be subjected to mandatory drug testing before they are given their welfare. If they choose not to participate in the testing, then they do not deserve to be given money, because it is obvious that they do not know how to use it wisely, responsibly or prudently. Grime 2 The welfare system of the United States is made up ofRead MoreDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you are in, andRead MoreDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you are in, andRead MoreCase Studies 6.4 Drug Dilemmas799 Words   |  4 Pagessafety. Yes, drug prices reflect a fair and competitive market. Pharmaceutical companies are in the business to provide treatment/cures to diseases that were considered killers just a few years ago. The high cost is misinterpreted as a greed endeavor. However, what the public fails to understand is that for every ten projects there is one that will provide suitable results. Those eleven projects will cost billions of dollars in Ramp;D. Not to mention that the life cycle of a drug has only 7 yearsRead MoreThe, Three Dimensional Printing Of Tissues1727 Words   |  7 PagesBioprinting, three-dimensional printing of tissues, will have a positive impact in the medical field through assisting patients in need of transplants and scientists in drug development wit hout the use of humans or animals. Bioprinting will evolve as time goes on, facing legal and ethical questions in the process. Bioprinting, is the process of creating tissues through a three-dimensional printer. The original goal for bioprinting was to create working organs, but living cells that function on theirRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance enhancing drug abuse is a growing problem in adolescents and athletes. According to the Partnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs, with long-term

Choice of Final Products and Ingredients Free Essays

For my final product I have chosen to make Pork and Apple Turnovers as in Objective three they proved to best meet my specifications and appealed the most to my target audience. In this objective I modified my choice of product and have added more fruit to the final product so as it can best fit with my brief and encourage people to eat more fruit This table on the next page will show the ingredients that I will be using in my final product with reasons why. I have also added a table to show what equipment I will be using and why. We will write a custom essay sample on Choice of Final Products and Ingredients or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pork sausage meat Apple Onion Plain white flour Margarine Water Salt and pepper This ingredient was for the flavour of my turnover. It created the odour of the final product and gave the appearance of the filling. Adds colour and texture to the product and providing it with a sweet odour. I chose apple as it was a popular fruit for my target group and I need to encourage them to consume more fruit. Adds a contrasting taste to the product and gives the product a better texture. Flour is used in this product to help bulk the mixture and give it texture. This is used as a shortening agent to create the ‘shortcrust pastry’. This particular ingredient will help to make the pastry crisp and crumbly in texture. Water was used in this product to help bind the ingredients together in both the flour and the filling. Used to add flavour to the product which contrasts to that of pork, apple or onion. Basic seasoning. Knife Food processor Bowl Oven Weighing scales Use to accurately cut the apple and onion and ensure pieces are small To ensure the continuity of textures so as the filling has a constant taste with each bite. Used for the mixing of ingredients such as the pastry mixture and the initial mixing of the filling. Used to cook the product at the end of mixing both parts of the making process and once it has all come together. Used so able to accurately weigh out each individual ingredient so as the final outcome is to the best of my potential. Control System for Final Product Control Reason How? Products and ingredients are cooked thoroughly. To ensure the killing of bacteria and to avoid the spoilage of the product and under cooking. Use the timer on the oven face to see accurately how long the product has been cooking for. Look to see if the food is not burnt. Set the ovens to the correct temperature Ensure that all coatings are taken of the sausage meat Plastic is a choking hazard, to ensure quality Look to see if the covering has been completely taken off Ingredients are of the highest quality. To ensure quality and longer shelf-life Buy the ingredients from approved retailers who are well known for their high quality food products, preferably the day before. Check to see that the ingredients are of high quality. Apple and onion chopped to a suitable and uniform size. To ensure constant texture in the product and quality Look and compare chopped pieces Weighing and measuring To ensure that the correct proportions of ingredients are used. Use accurate scales and measuring jug. Cooked and raw meat are kept separate To ensure cross-contamination does not occur. Clean each surface thoroughly after each stage and use clean or different utensils for each stage. Circumference and weight of final product is accurate within each product To ensure equal quality in each product. Measure the circumference and weight accurately No foreign bodies are able to enter the product. To decrease the risk of cross contamination and the growth of bacteria Look to see if any large pieces can be spotted In manufacture packaging is sealed To avoid contamination Spotters on the production line to check for the problems. How to cite Choice of Final Products and Ingredients, Papers

People Culture and Contemporary Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the People Culture and Contemporary Leadership. Answer: Introduction The report aims at providing an insight into the people, culture and contemporary leadership in the context of a chosen organization. The organization chosen here is Woolworths Limited, a compilation of the divisions, chains, and brands of the Woolworths Group (woolworthsgroup.com.au 2018). The report will provide an overview of organization including the growth, vision and mission statement, structure, total strength of workforce and the branches. The report will also help in identifying the human resource (HR) strategy within the organization. The will also focus on the evaluation of the HR practices within the organization in terms of the structure, policies and the relevant activities. The report will also try to evaluate the present state of employee engagement within the organization along with a structured plan that will help in increasing the employee engagement overtime. Woolworths Group is one of the largest food retailers of Australia whose primary operations include liquor retailing, supermarkets and hotels and pubs under the umbrella of the Australian Leisure and Hospitality (ALH) group. In terms of growth, the net profit of the company rose by 37.6 percent in December 2017 (woolworthsgroup.com 2018). In terms of structure, Woolworth Group represents one of the second largest organizations in Australia in terms of the revenue. It also represents one of the largest takeaway liquor retailer and the poker machine operator and hotels in Australia. The mission and vision of the company lies in appealing to the customers across the world. Therefore, Woolworths Group focuses on building store and customer led culture and team. The company also ensures generating sustainable sales momentum in food along with evolvement of the drinks business in providing more convenience and value to the customers. Woolworths Group also tries to empower their portfolio b usiness for pursuing strategies and delivering them to the shareholder. The company also focuses on becoming a lean retailer through the adoption of system excellence and end-to-end process. Presently, Woolworths Group has employee strength of 202,000 (woolworthsgroup.com 2018). Woolworths Group has various branches in various parts of Australia and United States. HR Strategy of the Organization There is a dedicated human resource department of the Woolworths Group focused at ensuring the effectiveness of employee management of an organization. The company has designed and adopted human resource strategies based on developing and recruiting talent, matching the staffing with the requirements of the business, training, retraining and downsizing of the staffs. Woolworths Group also outsources some of the functions of the human resource and hence the organization follows a business process human resource (HR) outsourcing (Cascio 2018). This helps the Woolworths Group in managing the distinct activities of the HR that included payroll administration or recruitment. However, the manual, complex and aging human resources challenged the ability of the Woolworths Group in sustaining growth (woolworthsgroup.com.au 2018). The company thus started a human resource transformation program for achieving the mission of high performance through elimination of complicated paper supported solutions so that the HR primarily focuses on the four functional core areas of the company that revolves around leadership, talent, employee recognition and awards and organizational effectiveness. The Woolworths Group stands apart in bringing about transformation through empowering the HR manages that remain accountable in not only developing people but also providing the employees with the ability of managing and owing their careers along with increasing the both away communication process across businesses. Thus, for staying ahead in business meetings and the customer expectations the organization ensured an implementation of end-to-end human capital management system. Evaluation of HR Practices within the Organization There are three major levels of operations of a HR manager includes the functional level, operational level and the strategic level. At the Woolworths Group, HR practices are undertaken both the functional and the strategic level. At the functional level, the practitioners ensure the management of the employees whereas the strategic level mostly involves human resource and corporate planning by line managers. However, the functions of the human resources department of Woolworths Group in terms of policies, structure and other relevant activities involve: Selection and Recruitment: The quality of employee in Woolworths is dependent on the effective strategy of HR for the selection and recruitment of the employees (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). However, the strategy for selection as well as recruitment is not a smooth sailing process. Employers across the organizations can face issues like the advertising cost of job openings or issues related to the improvement of interaction between the recruiters and the hiring managers. This is where the role of HR comes into play. Development and Retention: The HR manager at Woolworths Group focuses on certain major practices for retaining the top talent (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The HR manager tries to recruit the most suitable employees at the first place and improve the line managers ability in managing the employees. The HR department also plays the role of providing necessary feedback to the employees on a continuous basis. The HR practices of Woolworths also help in empowering the employees towards moving forward in the path of career growth. They also help in increasing the productivity of the employees by increasing the level of their motivation. Being one of the most famous retail organizations the HR practices focuses on continuously improving the business strategies along with the retention strategies to ensure employee retention. Ensuring Performance Review of Employees: The human resource practice in Woolworths involves undertakes self-evaluation for reviewing employee performance. At Woolworths Group the employees are given time for evaluating themselves and understanding their performance (Kim 2014). Further, the HR practice also involves evaluating the perception of the employee about the job skills that helps them in calibrating their own responses and also provide necessary feedback. Current State of Employee Engagement Employee Engagement refers to the approach in a workplace those results in exact condition that motivates the employees in delivering their best performance in accordance to the values and goals of the organization thereby contributing to the organizational success (Haski?Leventhal 2013). There also persists an enhanced sense of well being amongst the employees. In Australia, employees tend to spend two thirds of their waking hours on job. Insecurity, work related stress and personal problems are some of the reasons that contributes not only to absenteeism but also turnover and low morale. This leads to the enhancement of the injuries due to time loss. This results in a situation where employees are present but are not productive. When the companies in Australia are looking for means of gaining competitive advantage, it is the workforce acts as the largest reservoir of potential. Presently, it is found that, 25 percent of the employees remains engaged, 25 percent remains actively disengaged while the rest of the 50 percent are trying enough for keeping out of the trouble (Suan, Mat and Al-Omari 2013). Thus, Australiahas a crisis related to employee engagementthat has potentially and serious lasting repercussions on the future innovation and the economy (Schermerhorn et al., 2014). In reality, when the companies focuses exclusively onmeasuring the engagement instead of improvingthe engagement they fail to discover the required changes that would engage the employees Initiatives of HR for Increasing Employee Engagement The initiatives that the HR can undertake for enhancing the employee engagement include (Evans, Chitnomrath and Christopher 2013): Focusing on the Business Outcomes: The HR is able to enhance the engagement of the employees through delivery of positive impact on the organizational performance. They can enhance business value of the engaged employees by adopting the following initiatives: Through setting up a meeting for discussing business approach, employee impact, risks, requirements of each of the staff members and employee segments Compiling the data for linking engagement scores to the business outcomes Ensuring steady course of engagement even when the organization seems engulfed by the unexpected waves Communicating well with the Leaders and Managers: The HR professionals should be able in crafting a narrative that helped in portraying the voice of the employees. This can be done through: Development of a communication plan for all the planned program and initiatives of HR. Ensure engaging the managers in the annual milestones of people planning Ensure the engagement of the key manager in dealing with the team challenges while increasing their understanding with the challenges of the overall business Development of the Management Strength: Frequent communication helps in fostering motivation, desire and awareness amongst the managers for engaging people. This requires further enhancement of the skills which they can do by: Reviewing the process of recruitment, selection, development and the reward process for the managers Through assessing the strengths of the employees on engagement Ensuring that they are able to understand relationship between the levels of engagement and the teams Initiation of the management and leadership development program for addressing the capability of employee engagement Conclusion The report concludes by providing an insight into the initiatives undertaken by the HR for enhancing the employee engagement. The report also discusses about the current state of employee engagement in an organization. The report also undertakes evaluation of HR practices within Woolworths Group along with providing an overview of the company. It can however be mentioned from the report that Woolworth has a dedicated human resource department and follows both the strategic and functional level of HR functioning. The organization also ensures maintenance of all the retention levers that has helped the organization in implementing a suitable method of performance review through self-evaluation. References: Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Evans, R.T., Chitnomrath, T. and Christopher, T., 2013. Successful turnaround strategy: Thailand evidence.Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies,3(2), pp.115-124. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Haski?Leventhal, D., 2013. Employee engagement in CSR: The case of payroll giving in Australia.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(2), pp.113-128. Kim, H.K., 2014. Work-life balance and employees' performance: The mediating role of affective commitment.Global Business and Management Research,6(1), p.37. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, P., Simon, A. and McBarron, E., 2014.Management: Foundations and Applications (2nd Asia-Pacific Edition). John Wiley Sons. Schoenberg, R., Collier, N. and Bowman, C., 2013. Strategies for business turnaround and recovery: a review and synthesis.European Business Review,25(3), pp.243-262. Suan Choo, L., Mat, N. and Al-Omari, M., 2013. Organizational practices and employee engagement: a case of Malaysia electronics manufacturing firms.Business Strategy Series,14(1), pp.3-10. woolworthsgroup.com 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/The_Woolworths_Story/How_We_Were_Founded/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. woolworthsgroup.com.au 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018] woolworthsgroup.com.au 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/community-and-responsibility/group-responsibility/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].

Turkeys 2000

Introduction In the last twenty years, the Turkish economy has undergone two major crises. The first crisis began at the early 90’s while the second began at the beginning of the 21st century. During this time, the Turkish government was in the middle of a stabilization program in its exchange rate. Although the government managed to calm market tensions through numerous assurances, things soon got out of hand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Towards the end of 2000, the country’s interest rates quadrupled within a period of one month. This also marked a five times increase over the rate of depreciation that the government had predicted for a two year period. At the beginning of 2001, rates had jumped to an all time level of close to 6000%. This led to the collapse of the exchange rate and the beginning of the countryâ€℠¢s second economic crisis. Some things stand out as having caused the economic crisis. One thing that comes out as having contributed to the 2000-2001 economic crises in Turkey was the poor macroeconomic performance of the country. During the period, the country’s public sector was relying highly on borrowing and the sovereign debt to GNP was on the rise. The rising public debt and the appreciation of the lira were becoming a cause of concern for investors. This was worsened by the external interferences caused by the rise in oil prices at the time and the rising of the U.S. dollar against the other currencies. To compound this situation, the country lacked a flexible banking system, something that made the lira unable to deal with the crisis. During the preceding years, the banking sector was in a risk itself. Almost all the major banks had a load of non-performing loans and had an increased currency and maturity imbalances. This made the banking system unable to deal with a ny capital reversal. These weaknesses in the banking sector had a big contribution to the economic crisis experienced during the time. (Ozatay 3) On top of the problems at the country’s banking system, the other problems that caused the economic crises were political and policy uncertainties. In 2001, the country was hit by two negative occurrences in the political sphere. These started after the Prime Minister was suddenly taken ill sparking a spate of rumors about his health. This led to instability in the political sphere since there was a possibility that his party, which was the largest partner in the coalition government would dissolve. On top of this, the coalition parties were unable to agree on the necessary steps to be followed in talks that were ongoing for the country to be admitted into the European Union. The ensuing political indecision gave rise to an atmosphere of policy indecision. This political and policy uncertainties in the country played a major part in the economic crises that hit the country. (Ozkan)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The 2000-2001 economic crises in Turkey were the worst in the country’s history. During the period, the country’s rate stood at an all time high of 6200%. This major cause of this crisis was the lack of reforms in the banking system. This gave rise to a load of non-performing loans and maturity imbalances that made the banking system unable to deal with any capital reversal. During the time, the coalition government was also having a hard time in trying to agree on key issue in the government. This affected the country’s policymaking organs hence leading to lack of key reforms that could have prevented the crises. Works Cited Ozatay, Fatih. Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crises and the Central Bank’s Policy in the Aftermath of Crisis, n.d. 1-8. Print . Ozkan, Gulcin. Currency and Financial Crises in Turkey, 2000-2001: Bad Fundamentals or Bad Luck? The World Economy, 2005. 541-572. Print. This essay on Turkey’s 2000-2001 Financial Crisis was written and submitted by user Isabella Tyler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Carnival of Fury by William Ivy Hair essays

Carnival of Fury by William Ivy Hair essays In his book, William Ivy Hair recounts race relations and the events leading up to the shooting spree of Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900. Hair devotes most of his book examining the life of Robert Charles and presenting an alternative biography to the ones written in newspapers immediately after his death. In the first chapter, Copiah, Hair asks the question What sort of person was the actual Robert Charles, and why is his living and dying worth remembering? (p. 2). Hair begins by examining the humble beginnings of Robert Charles. Charles was born shortly after the Civil War, most likely in Copiah County, Mississippi where he was raised. Charles was born into a family of sharecroppers living on a cotton plantation. The chapter goes on to discuss the family of Charles and the rural area where he was raised. When writing of the country landscape, Hair states that any black or white boy would learn to use a rifle at an early age (p. 8). The next chapter, Democratic Thunder, is devoted to discussing the areas where Charles spent his life following the Reconstruction. It was during Charless adolescence that the Democratic Party restored its political majority in the South. Hair briefly discusses the conditions for sharecroppers and other laborers of that time. He then goes on to describe the cruelty that blacks were subjected to. Blacks needed only be accused of a crime to be exposed to such atrocities as being shot, lynched, or burned in front of a crowd. However, crime could simply be that respect wasnt given to members of the superior, ruling race (p. 14). Hair tells the story of John Prentiss Print Matthews. Matthews was a white, Southern Republican, who was elected Sheriff in Copiah County. He successfully created an Independent Party that was comprised of black and white farmers. Matthews refused to be silenced ...

Andrew Carnegie

The following paper discusses the biography of Andrew Carnegie, an entrepreneur and founder of the American steel Industry, his life, the major influences and significance of his work and the impact of his life on others. Andrew Carnegie helped build the formidable American steel industry and then sold his steel business and systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for the improvement of mankind. This paper examines the way in which Carnegie, who was one of the first industrialists to use scientists to research his own business, came to be the wealthiest man of his time, in the world.During his final years, Carnegie spent most of his time in endeavors to promote world peace. He built both the Pan American Union building in Washington D.C. and the Hague Peace Palace, in the Netherlands to support international peace.The outbreak of World War I was devastating to him, and he died August 11, 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts. By the time he died, Carnegie had given away $350,695,653 and had given another $30,000,000 to foundations, pensions and charities. Andrew Carnegie is considered one of the greatest philanthropists in the world and one of the wea lthiest men who ever lived (http://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/andrewcarnegie.htm).

Bispecific antibodies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Bispecific antibodies - Research Paper Example In recent years, antibody therapy has become a new treatment modality for tumor patients, although the majority of responses are only partial and not long lasting. Based on evidence that effecter- cell-mediated mechanisms significantly contribute to antibody efficacy in vivo, several approaches are currently perused to improve the interaction between Fc receptor-expressing effecter cells and tumor target antigens. With this purpose the invention of monoclonal antibodies in vivo started. In the initial phase the results were not satisfactory and these antibodies in trial in vivo showed a only 20% clearance of the tumor cells but after letting it go through different formatting processes it went up to achieving 80% clearance. Bispecific antibodies have got 2 hinging sites which are specific for getting attached to immune recruiting cells and also to target antigens which are mostly transformed cells. "Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) can, by virtue of combining two binding specificities, i mprove the selectivity and efficacy of antibody-based treatment of human disease. Recent studies underline the importance of both the 'anti-trigger' and 'anti-target' modalities of BsAb for therapeutic efficacy". (Spriel, A.B., Ojik, H.H.V, & Winkel, J.G.J. 2000). There has always been an issue of side effects when it comes to cancer therapy and a lot of patients would not even go for therapies due the bad side effects. In the past few decades things have started improving an the standard mode of ontological therapies which were chemotherapy and radiation it is now switching more towards treatment of cancer with more of antibiotic and immunoglobulin. This has brought a lot of hope for future success in getting a strong hold of cancer with fewer emergences of side effects. Bispecific antibodies do not occur in nature and they need to be synthesized in vivo, through either recombinant DNA, or cell fusion technique. "Bispecific antibodies have been manufactured by fusing the DNA encodi ng a single chain antibody (ScFv) after the C terminus (CH3-ScFv) or after the hinge (Hinge-ScFv) with an antibody of a different specificity. The fusion protein is expressed by gene transfection in the context of a murine variable region. Transfectomas secrete a homogeneous population of the recombinant antibody with two different specificities, one at the N terminus (anti-dextran) and one at the C terminus (anti-dansyl). The CH3-ScFv antibody, which maintains the constant region of human lgG3, has some of the associated effectors functions such as long half-life and Fc receptor binding. The Hinge-ScFv antibody which lacks the CH2 and CH3 domains has no known effectors functions". (Coloma, M.J. &'Morrison, S.L. 1997). Production of Bispecific antibodies has been a challenging task but has still been encouraged because of the advantages it has towards treating cancer with less side effects. There are still some disadvantaged of cost and failure rate, and future challenges and tasks are also to be taken in consideration. We will have an overview of the rational of producing Bispecific antibo

The emergence, opportunities and importance of mobile e-commerce using Essay

The emergence, opportunities and importance of mobile e-commerce using smartphone - Essay Example Businesses have the opportunity to grow big since they are having tremendous amounts of sales just through these smart phones. Taking Amazon for instance, it has been noticed that people all over the world has made â€Å"transactions worth $ 1 Billion through smart phone in the last 12 months† (Johnston, 2010). â€Å"A mobile e-commerce report was released in which it was shown that online shopping has tripled between 2008 and 2009† (Johnston, 2010). In addition, they predicted that there will be a quicker increase in 2010 (Jackie, 2010). It is important for business who does not accept online payments to get themselves online and get mobile compatible to accept mobile orders so that they can take the advantage of increased sales. As mobile usage is continuing to grow and is gaining popularity across the globe, so it is predicted that international E-commerce will also expand as a result. Not only businesses and companies can take advantage of mobile ecommerce, but it i s growing important among the farmers as well. If their tractor breaks down in the middle of the field, so they can always order the other part through mobile, which saves a lot of their time and money. However, some risks involved are that one cannot completely depend on this, as there can be viruses, which can stop the whole business. In addition, it is difficult for some people to view the entire page, as the screen of the smart phone is so small.

New competition everywhere Essay Example for Free

New competition everywhere Essay 1) Discuss globalization. Identify define any four major risks that you may perceive during globalization. Identify the challenges that MNC managers face in the 21st century. (1+2+2) 2) Draw the Open System Model for int’l management briefly discuss the variables for the same. (5) 3) Discuss political risk. Define 7 typical political risk events around the world. Discuss how to asses manage political risks. (1+2+2) 4) Distinguish between e-business e-commerce. Discuss technological environment. Discuss the factors affecting the management in the int’l arena. (1+1+3) 1) Discuss CSV. Define human rights MNC responsibilities. Identify discuss some code of conducts for CSR. List define some benefits of CSR in int’l arena. (1+1+1+2) 2) Draw the Moral Philosophy of Cross-cultural Societal Ethics flowchart. Discuss the Relation between ethics technology. Discuss the characteristics of different types of questionable payments. (1+2+2) 3) Discuss how to manage Subsidiary-Host country interdependence. (5) Ch 03_Role of Culture 1) Define culture. Draw briefly discuss the diagram for environmental variables that are affecting management functions.(1+4) 2) Discuss societal organizational cultures. Identify discuss the Affects of culture on management. (1+4) 3) Identify discuss the variables that form the subsystems in a society. (5) Ch 04_Communicating across Cultures 1) Draw the communication process diagram discuss the noise for the same. Define why trust-based relationship is necessary for the success of marketing communication. (2+3) 2) Identify discuss some cultural variables that influence the perceptions of other nations.

Environmentally Safe Ethanol :: Environment, natural resources, fossil fuels

Environmentally Safe Ethanol In order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by one dollar per gallon. How does this statement make you feel? Does it make you want to argue about how unfair this is, especially when gas prices are climbing to higher and higher rates? Would you say that this is an unfair claim because it is unclear where your tax money would go? I agree. This plan seems to have a good general idea, but there are details left out. I think the first priority should be to sort out where these extra resources would be used. It seems too vague to fund conservation of the natural environment. There are so many ways that this tax could benefit natural resources. When I was trying to decide on how to narrow this claim to more specific terms, I started to think about what kind of environmental problems affect me the most. The first word that came to mind was pollution. There are many parameters for a suitable environment for life. These include temperature, pressure, salinity, acidity, water and good oxygen content. Any type of air pollution could dissolve these parameters. It seemed that air pollution is such a large environmental problem that I knew my search should be narrowed. I chose to discuss pollution caused by cars because raising the gas tax and prices are part of my claim. I went to the Internet and ran a search for "car pollution," and found a large amount of information. It became even clearer to me that car pollution is a major problem for our environment. According to The Environmed Research Inc, driving a car is the most polluting act an average citizen commits (2001). Vehicle engines emit many types of pollutants into the air, including nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulates, sulfur dioxide and lead. All of these can pose environmental risks and health risks. Most of these pollutants rise from the engine. These emissions are related to the fuel type and the temperature of the fuel combustion. At low speeds, and when engines are at idle, the products of incomplete combustion dominate. When the speeds are heightened, however, impurities like nitrogen are oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, which creates pollution. All of the pollutants mentioned above are known as trace gases. Some of these trace gases can even release completely new gases into the atmosphere (Environmental Effects, 2001).

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

Dams are built for assorted intents ; the major map includes hydroelectric power coevals, imbibing H2O supply, irrigation, inundation control, diversion etc. But the different incidents and surveies done by several research workers proved that these big dikes made for these intents, besides at the same time pose significant menaces to the life, belongings and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different stages, viz. building, operation and decommissioning stage. There are about 845,000 dikes around the universe ( Jacquot, 2009 ) , the cumulative impact of all these dikes could be tremendous. So, it is indispensable to understate the impacts due to dam building on lives, belongings and environment. Identifying possible impacts, ciphering hazard and understating the hazard through the acceptance of assorted techniques could assist to take down the overall impacts. Major jeopardies associated with Dams throughout their lifecycle ( Reservoir ) : Construction Phase: Construction of big substructure like dikes demands monolithic sum of building stuff, digging procedure and vehicles, which straight impacts on the environment and society. Most of the equipments and vehicle engage on such activities use fossil fuel as the chief beginning of energy and contribute to the green house gas emanation. The estimated emanation from Glen Canyon dike during its building stage was calculated as 800,000 metric dozenss of CO2 equivalent ( Pacca, 2002 ) . The hazard of accidents due to the vehicles, building activity and digging procedure to the worker is likely. The building site could be of particular involvement for some animate being or works, so this activity may take to the disappearing such plant/animal from that country for of all time. Operation Phase: The operation of dikes besides poses menace to the environment and people. The menace of dam failure during the operation stage due to assorted grounds may do immense loss of life and belongings. There is ever menace of drawing of people on the dike. The emanation during this stage from the decay of biomass in the reservoir is obvious ; the emanation from the Glen Canyon dike during its operation stage was estimated to be 3,500,000 metric ton of CO2 equivalent ( Pacca, 2002 ) . The failure of dike is the most destructive event of the full lifecycle of dike. The inside informations on dike failure are discussed individually below. Decommissioning Phase: This is the last phase of the life rhythm of dike, this phase pose menace of brushing the downstream countries ( colonies, substructure, etc ) and the lives. The emanation from this phase is found as largest in comparing with building and operation. The emanation from the decommissioning of the Glen Canyon dike was calculated as 33,000,000 metric dozenss of CO2 equivalent ( Pacca,2002 ) , which was more than nine times the emanation from the full operation stage. Though the decommissioning work is done in controlled mode, the loss of belongings would non be as the dam failure. Environmental and Social effects throughout a dike ‘s life: Construction Phase: Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires immense country of land, which is frequently acquired by displacing people from that topographic point. Peoples are frequently forced to go forth their familial land giving them psychological emphasis and the relocation to the new location frequently alters the bing environment at that place. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its concluding phase, 1200 small towns and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt ( McGivering, 2006 ) . Archaeological sites: In some instances even the archeological sites besides get destroyed due to dam building. More than 100 archeological sites, some dating back over 12000 old ages is to be submerged due to the three gorge dike ( Gleick, 2009 ) . Transportation, digging and building: The motion of vehicles during the building of dike contributes to emission to some extent and every bit upset the ecology at that place. The digging and building procedure both impact the ecology locally. Air pollution due to the dust can be expected. Operation Phase: Siltation: Rivers carry sediment tonss, the sum vary harmonizing to the features of the catchment country and the speed of the running H2O. The building of dike reduces the speed of the river therefore assisting deposit to settle down within the reservoir. If the deposit shortage issue due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate deposit from its bed and Bankss in the downstream set uping the environment at that place ( Grant,2003 ) . Methane Generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no nursery gases. Harmonizing to Boyle, G ( 2009 ) , a study by the universe committee on dikes ( WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001 ) , the decaying of vegetable affair in an anaerobiotic status produces methane ( CH4 ) , when the land is flooded with hydro undertaking. Fish migration: Fish are affected straight by the obstructor like dike on its class. The most normally affected species like Salmon, which needs to travel upriver for engendering, can be obstructed from their spawning topographic point. Flood of the engendering evidences within the reservoir, periodic flood and drying out of engendering land and refuge country downstream of the dike farther shackles the fish ‘s activity. ( Harvath, and Municio,1998 ) . Birthrate of the downstream plains: The downstream portion of dike loose the food incorporating dirt, which used to have during implosion therapy. After the edifice of the Aswan dike, in 1960 ‘s, the land downstream no longer receives the dirt and foods antecedently carried by the one-year Nile inundation. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertiliser ( Boyle, 2004 ) . Local clime alteration: Increased precipitation has been observed after the building of dike, the physical procedure by which big graduated table surface vaporization triggers in the precipitation recycling in such country ( Hossain, et Al, 2009 ) . Changes in the air wet per centum, air temperature, air motion in large graduated table can be caused by large graduated table dike ( Tahmiscioglu, et Al, †¦ . ) . Impact on biodiversity: In some instances edifice of dike disturb the home ground of critically endangered species excessively, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the ‘Baiji ‘ Yangtze river mahimahi, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam ) . Induced temblors: big reservoirs can do seismal events as they fill, as the force per unit area on local mistakes additions ( ICE 1981 ) . The seismal activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982 ( Allen, 1982 ) . Agricultural/ loss of woods: In many instances, the building of dike covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the agencies of nutriment for the local people and in many instances clear some portion of wood destructing natural ecosystem. About 1400 Hector of agricultural land is to be submerged because of the three gorge dike ( Gleick, 2009 ) . Spread of disease ( addition in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito ) : Study carried out by Yewhalaw, et Al ( 2005 ) , found that the impounding can move as genteelness land for vectors like mosquito, and found that the kids populating near to dikes are at greater hazard of plasmodium infection than the kids populating off. Decommissioning Phase: Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dikes help to reconstruct the reverine ecosystem to its natural status, some short term negative consequence such as sediment mobilization, contaminated stuff and menace of ace impregnation can be seen ( Bednarek, 2001 ) . Dam Failure: One of the most evidently harmful consequence of big dike is seen, when it falls. The implicit in causes may be different in each instance. Some of the major causes are ( ICOLD, 1973 ) : Dominating Foundation defects Shrieking and ooze Conduits and valves Seismic event harm Failure of dike due to internal H2O force per unit area Failure of dike due to drawn-out period of rainfall and implosion therapy Causes of Dam Failure that occurred between 1075- 2001 ( NPDP, 2007 ) ( Adopted from historic records of Dam Performance, 2007 ) On the footing of the above graph it can be said that, flood or dominating of the dike wall stand far in front from other causes of dam failure. Seepage and piping is on 2nd place and remainder of all are responsible for really less figure of dam failures, this graph proves that the overtopping of dike is the major causes of dam failures. Cost of Dam Break: The cost of dam interruption consists of two constituents ; Reconstruction cost of dike and economic loss due to devastation and flood downstream ( Kuo, et Al, 2008 ) . Cost and Benefit from Dam: Dam building is an expensive work and demands immense amount of money, but it provides highly necessary things for running the society and development like energy and H2O for imbibing and irrigation intent. On the other manus it has some impacts on society and environment, some of which needs tonss of money and clip for Restoration while others are irreparable. So building of dike has its ain pros and cons. Wayss to understate the happening of dam failure: Dam failure is the most destructive incident in the full life rhythm of dike, which may do immense loss of life and belongings. So it is indispensable to guarantee the safety of dike in order to protect the life and belongings. Some of the of import stairss indispensable for the decrease of dam failure and its impacts are as follows ( MDE, 1996 ) : Rigorous statute law should be promulgated by authorities for the building of dam/ Reservoir. Everyday distortion monitoring of ooze from drains in and around larger dike is necessary and if found faulty, disciplinary step should be taken. In instance of wall break, stone grouting ( force per unit area pumping of cement slurry ) can be done to cut down the hazard of dam failure. Regular monitoring and care could assist a batch to forestall dam failure. Early on warning system should be incorporated in the reservoir system to protect people and belongings downstream, in instance of dam failure. Dam building should non be allowed in the country of high seismal activity. Most of the states make safety programme for the protection of dike. In USA most of the ‘states ‘ are responsible for the safety of dikes within their boundary and to guarantee the safety they on a regular basis follow the undermentioned process ( Lane, 2008 ) ; Measure the safety of bing dike. Review programs and specification for safety and regulative programme. Carry out periodic review on building on new and bing dikes. Review and blessing of exigency action program. Some steps to cut down other impacts on and due to dikes: Management of catchment of river can assist to cut down deposit on dike, which may include plantation on the catchment country, acceptance of landside and eroding control measures for the upstream country of dike. The periodic cleansing of dikes can assist to cut down the burden of deposits within a dike and aid to repossess the capacity to its original signifier. Fish ladder can assist to reconstruct fish migration to some extent. ( beginning ) The computation of likely maximal precipitation ( PMP ) and appraisal of likely maximal inundation ( PMF ) and the chance of mean return period for that river, could assist to plan the dike decently ( CSCD,1985 ) , which could forestall dike from failure. Monitoring should be carried out to command the genteelness of mosquitoes in dike, if found, mosquito larvae must be controlled with the sanctioned mosquito larvicide, so that the other aquatic being will hold minimum impacts from larvicide ( DHF,2006 ) . Rich image of Dam and associated Impacts A Rich Picture exemplifying impacts of dike on assorted facets of environment and society Hazard of Dam Failure with age: Percentage of different age groups of dike failures in Russia in comparing with the failures of universe dike. ( Adopted from Management of Impounded Rivers, Wang and Melching, 2007 ) . Though age is one of the of import factor for the dam failure as the walls and other substructures erodes or weakens with age, but it is non merely the factor that causes dam failure ; faulty constructions, utmost conditions events, sabotage, seismal activities etc besides trigger to dam failure. The above graph showed that the highest figure of dam failure was in the age group 0-10, which so bit by bit decreases as the age group increases. The faulty construction can take to dam failure even at its early age while the good constructed and good maintained dike can function over hundred old ages. On the footing of above graph it can be said that aging in non the primary factor for dam failure and proper care can lengthen the life span of dam despite of age, and does non demo clear correlativity with dam failure. One likely ground of less figure of dam failures of the aged dike could be the proper care and decommissioning before the dike failure occurs. Risk Assessment of dam failure: Risk appraisal was calculated on the footing of informations from Annex-3. High badness status Entire Occurrence= 11 Average clip taken to reiterate the events for the category IA ( with more than 300 deceases ) =11.1 twelvemonth Average Death calculated=1111.1 Risk=Frequency ( event/ unit clip ) -Magnitude ( Deaths ) =1/11.1-1111.1=0.09-1111.1=99.99 Therefore, Risk=99.99 per 11.1 twelvemonth Hazard computation for overall dike failure Entire happening of dike failure=46 Average spread between consecutive events=0.39 twelvemonth Average decease per event=357.91 Risk= Frequency ( event/ unit clip ) -Magnitude ( Deaths ) Therefore, Risk= 1/0.39-357.91=2.6-357.91=930.5 individual per 0.39 twelvemonth Decision: Mentions: Allen, C, R, 1982, Reservoir Induced Earthquakes and Engineering Policy, California Geology, 35, 11 Bednarek, A, T, 2001, Undamming Rivers: A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal, Environmental Management, 27,803-814. Boyle, G, 2004, Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University, Oxford CSCD,1985, Safety of Dams: Flood and Earthquake Criteria, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. DHF, 2006, Guidelines for Preventing Mosquito Breeding Sites Associated with Aquaculture Development in NT, Department of Health and Families, Darwin Gleick, P.H. , 2009, Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China, Water Brief, 3, 139-150. Grant, E, G, et Al, 2003, A Geological Framework For Interpreting Downstream Effects Of dikes On Rivers, Water Science and Application 7, 209-225 Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998, 2nd International Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest Hossain, F, et Al, 2009, Local Climate Change, EOS, 90,453-468 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam, assessed on 4 March, 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internationalrivers.org/files/srdamsafety.pdf, assessed on 20 May, 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //npdp.stanford.edu/npdphome/Historic % 20Performance % 20of % 20Dams.pdf, assessed on 20 May,2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.damsafety.org/ , assessed on 20 March, 2010 International Committee on Large Dams ( ICOLD, 1973 ) , Lessons from Dam Incidents, Reduced Edition, Paris Jacqot, J,2009, Numbers Dams ; From Hoover to Three Gorges to the crumbling 1s, Environmental Policy, hypertext transfer protocol: //discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/08-dams-hoover-three-gorges-crumbling-ones, assessed on 17 May 2010. Kuo, J, T, et Al, 2008, Dam Over Topping Risk Assessment Considering Inspection Programme, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 22, 303-313 Lane, N, 2008, Aging Infracture: Dam Safety, Congressional Research Service McGivering, J, 2006, Three Gorges Dam ‘s Social Impact, BBC, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/5000198.stm, assessed on 3 March 2010. MDE, 1996, Maryland Dam Safety Manual, Association of State Dam Safety Officials Pacca, S, 2007, Impacts from Decommissioning of Hydroelectric Dams: A life Cycle Prospective, Climate Change, 84, 281-294 Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et Al, .. Positive and Negative Impacts of Dam on the Environment, International Congress on River Basin Management, 760-769 Wang, Z, Y, and Melching, S, 2007, Management of Impounded Rivers Yewhalaw, D, et Al, 2005, Malaria and Water Resource development: The Case of Gilgel-Gibe Hydroelectric Dam in Ethopia, Malar. J, 8, 21 Annex-1 ( Part-A ) PLAGARISM DECLARATION I declare that the work I am subjecting for appraisal contains no subdivision copied in whole or in portion from any other beginnings unless it is explicitly identified by agencies of citation Markss. I declare that I have besides acknowledged such citation by supplying elaborate mentions in an sanctioned format. I understand that either or both unidentified and unreferenced copying constitutes plagiarism, which is one of a figure of really serious offenses under the university ‘s codification of pattern on the Use of Unfair Means. Student No- 200910979 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A DAM CONTENTS PAGE NO. Introduction: 3 Major jeopardies associated with Dam: 3 Major environmental issues associated with dam 3-4 Catastrophes ( Dam failure ) : Siltation Methane coevals Fish migration Resettlement of people Birthrate of the downstream fields Local clime alteration Impact on biodiversity Induced temblors Agricultural/ loss of woods Spread of disease Archaeological sites Decommissioning Cardinal inquiries for portion B 5 Draft Plan 5 Mentions 6 Word Count- 1076 Word Limit- 1000 Introduction: Dams are built for assorted intents ; the major map includes hydroelectric power coevals, imbibing H2O supply, irrigation, inundation control, diversion etc. But the different incidents and surveies done by several research workers proved that these big dikes made for these intents, besides at the same time pose significant menaces to the life, belongings and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different stages, viz. building, operation and decommissioning stage. Yes, but what is th eproblem state of affairs or concern? Major jeopardies associated with Dam: Dam failure: one of the most evidently harmful consequence of big dike is seen, when it falls. The implicit in causes may be different in each instance. Some of the major causes are: Seismic event harm Failure of dike due to internal H2O force per unit area. Failure of dike due to drawn-out period of rainfall and implosion therapy. Menace to human life due to submerging in dike. Major environmental issues associated with dike: Catastrophes ( Dam failure ) : Dam failure frequently consequences immense loss of life, belongings and environment. During twentieth century some 200 dike failures caused more than ten 1000 people outside China and in the twelvemonth 1975 merely about one-fourth of million people were perished in the series of hydroelectric dam failure in China ( Boyle, G, 2004 ) . Siltation: Rivers carry sediment tonss, the sum vary harmonizing to the features of the catchment country and the speed of the running H2O. The building of dike reduces the speed of the river therefore assisting deposit to settle down within the reservoir. If the deposit shortage issue due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate deposit from its bed and Bankss in the downstream set uping the environment at that place ( Grant,2003 ) . Methane coevals: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no nursery gases. Harmonizing to Boyle, G ( 2009 ) , a study by the universe committee on dikes ( WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001 ) , the decaying of vegetable affair in an anaerobiotic status produces methane ( CH4 ) , when the land is flooded with hydro undertaking. Fish migration: Fish are affected straight by the obstructor like dike on its class. The most normally affected species like Salmon, which needs to travel upriver for engendering, can be obstructed from their spawning topographic point. Flood of the engendering evidences within the reservoir, periodic flood and drying out of engendering land and refuge country downstream of the dike farther shackles the fish ‘s activity. ( Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998 ) . Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires immense country of land, which is frequently acquired by displacing people from that topographic point. Peoples are frequently forced to go forth their familial land giving them psychological emphasis and the relocation to the new location frequently alters the bing environment at that place. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its concluding phase, 1200 small towns and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt ( McGivering, 2006 ) . Birthrate of the downstream plains: The downstream portion of dike loose the food incorporating dirt, which used to have during implosion therapy. After the edifice of the Aswan dike, in 1960 ‘s, the land downstream no longer receives the dirt and foods antecedently carried by the one-year Nile inundation. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertiliser ( Boyle, G, 2004 ) . Local clime alteration: Increased precipitation has been observed after the building of dike, the physical procedure by which big graduated table surface vaporization triggers in the precipitation recycling in such country ( Hossain, F, et Al, 2009 ) . Changes in the air wet per centum, air temperature, air motion in large graduated table can be caused by large graduated table dike ( Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et Al, †¦ . ) . Impact on biodiversity: In some instances edifice of dike disturb the home ground of critically endangered species excessively, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the ‘Baiji ‘ Yangtze river mahimahi, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam ) . Induced temblors: big reservoirs can do seismal events as they fill, as the force per unit area on local mistakes additions ( ICE 1981 ) . The seismal activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982 ( Allen, C, R, 1982 ) Agricultural/ loss of woods: In many instances, the building of dike covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the agencies of nutriment for the local people and in many instances clear some portion of wood destructing natural ecosystem. About 1400 Hector of agricultural land will be submerged because of the three gorge dike ( Gleick, P.H. , 2009 ) . Spread of disease ( addition in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito ) : Study carried out by Yewhalaw, D, et Al ( 2005 ) , found that the impounding can move as genteelness land for vectors like mosquito, and found that the kids populating near to dikes are at greater hazard of plasmodium infection than the kids populating off. Archaeological sites: In some instances even the archeological sites besides get destroyed due to dam building. More than 100 archeological sites, some dating back over 12000 old ages will be submerged due to the three gorge dike ( Gleick, P.H. , 2009 ) . Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dikes help to reconstruct the reverine ecosystem to its natural status, some short term negative consequence such as sediment mobilization, contaminated stuff and menace of ace impregnation can be seen ( Bednarek, A, T, 2001 ) . Cardinal inquiries for portion B: Answer to the undermentioned inquiries will be searched in the 2nd portion of this instance survey: What are the major jeopardies associated with dike and how the hazard can be minimised? What are the attacks practised to understate the impact on dike on environment and homo? How the dike induced impact like deposit, obstructor on the fish migration path and addition in diseases bearer vector can be regulated? How the regulation organic structure guarantee the safety of dike? How the factors like political relations and economic system affect in the building of dike? Draft Plan: Introduction Major jeopardies associated with Dam ( Reservoir ) Causes of Dam failure The possible impacts of such jeopardies Measures to understate the impacts Environmental Issues associated with Dam Impact on agribusiness and wood Impact on fish migration Impact on biodiversity Measures practised to understate the impact Socio economic impact of Dam Abandonment and relocation of displaced people Damagess to ancient heritage ( archeological construction ) Wayss to understate the harm to ancient heritage Cost Benefit Analysis of Dam Decision

Blue Zuma Part 2

After further analysis and the additional resources made available by Mr. Martin to the Blue Zuma Project, we have determined the following recommendations be implemented immediately to ensure that our retailers have the product by February 1, as established by our Mr. Lane. The concern with the original project plan revolved around three activities not having enough resources to complete the project per the timeline identified above.Those three activities were: Detailed Product Design, Detailed Marketing Plan and Manufacturing Process. With the additional resources made available, we are confident we can improve the process within the three activities identified above. 1. Which additional personnel assignments would you choose to complete the project before the February 1st deadline? Explain your choices as well as the reasons for not choosing other options. It appears an additional marketing specialist would be best utilized for this job.The resource sheet depicts that the marketin g specialist is still overallocated; however the other resources appear to be allocated correctly when we added the additional resources provided by Mr. Lane. Cost would be an important factor in determining if any additional employees will/would be needed. However, we can approve overtime to address some concerns. 2. How have these changes affected the sensitivity of the network? Once the changes are in place, the duration of the project has been reduced from 290 days to 274 days.This improvement has reduced the overall length of the project, thus allowing the deadline set by the Mr. Lane (President). We are confident we can now complete the project by January 27. By allocating the additional and available resources, we were able to reduce the amount of critical paths to one. In doing so, we increase the slack in non-critical activities, thus reducing or decreasing the sensitivity of the network. One critical path is now identified in the project.

Love Divorce

Love Divorce Free Online Research Papers What is love? Love is a very special and meaningful word to anyone and everyone who has loved before. For me, love is a priceless diamond, like a diamond, it has thousands of mirror images, and each represents a meaning of love. Having a key to open my heart to look at this world without a mask, to show people who I really am. It also means those signs of the diamond cannot be replaced by any kind of expression, because the untrue reflection will not be a real diamond, and will not be able to spread out its magnificent as well as meaningful reflection of love to people to whom I care for. With this wonderful definition of what love is why do people divorce? There are so many theories on this issue but the usual reasons are communication, compromise, and commitment, and it’s hard to disagree with them. If both spouses were consistently able to communicate with each other, able and willing to compromise with each other, and 100% committed to their marriage, it’s hard to see how it could fail but it does. When it is all said and done the main factors that make a marriage work are a combination of the three Cs communication, compromise, and commitment. Without love, communication, compromise, and commitment one may lose the ability to survive in this world with no hope. Seeing that well as, an individual may lose many opportunities of enjoyment both mentally and physically, when they do not know what love is or haven’t fully experience it. I believe love is a special and meaningful diamond, which can spread out the originality of love to people generously, as well as sending out the invitation to welcome my friends and people who I love to come to my kingdom of love. Therefore people should not hesitate to own this priceless diamond to broaden their life of love and happiness. Research Papers on Love Mr. Obama and IranIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorProject Management 101Deontological Teleological Theories

Responce ta a reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Responce ta a reading - Essay Example Thus, when credit card companies use this perception to get to the college students, it clicks with them. They relate to the advertisement and see themselves in those advertisements. This perception is quite difficult to break since college students are more affected by peer pressure than by parents who do not control their lives any more. If the perception of fun and toys has to be broken, it should be through the help of peers. Seniors could serve as role models for these students when they explain to the freshmen students about the problems that they may have to face with plastic money. The impact of parents would be highest when the children have not yet left for college. Manning has presented great tips for financial advice that parents can give to their children. The idea of earning money or toys is quite effective, even though it would take time given the fact that peer pressure is highest when it comes to owning things. Overall, a collaborative approach is required. Good parenting along with peer education is important to overcome the strong effect of advertisements promoting plastic toys and financial

To What Extent Can the Thought of Past And Present Diplomatic Essay

To What Extent Can the Thought of Past And Present Diplomatic Practitioners Help to Inform Contemporary Diplomatic Challenges - Essay Example The goal of international diplomacy in peace keeping is maintaining power over weaker nations. It also aims at the maintenance of power balance between countries of equal status (Berridge & Keens, 2004, p78). Despite the fact that several conflict resolution theorists have come up and developed multifaceted comprehension of power, diplomacy still assert on the concept that power is a zero sum commodity, thus when a person has more, the other has less. This concept and understanding of power in the traditional society has indeed led to the encouragement of positional bargaining rather than the common cooperative and integrative approach. Positional bargaining, in the current society, is necessary as it ensures that one nation has led a lot of peace promotion methods in several nations (Moore, 2008, p143). Despite being ruled out by some critics as an inappropriate step aimed at helping two different parties reaches an agreement over a given issue, proponents argue that it is one of th e most appropriate methods of negotiation. This is because the issue of interest is to reach an agreement just like the buyer and the seller. The buyer’s interest is to acquire the product in a relatively cheap price whereas the seller’s aim is to get the maximum product from the sale of a product. That is the interest or aim of the two is simply a common price. Considering this concept, it is succinct that this concept of diplomacy will be of great use for the future diplomacy if taken seriously and professionally by diplomats. Another importance of traditional diplomacy that will be of great use in the future is its formality and protocol oriented in nature. These features were used to show the goodwill gestures during... This paper approves that current diplomatic practitioners have also shown some aspects of international solidarity. This has mainly been used to offer resolution to short term crises, for instance support of the civil society over time in certain nations like Ukraine has contributed to the finding of resolutions to problems that were short term in nature. The problems included internal and domestic actions which were mainly from different individuals expressing their desire for democratic rights in the European nation. There were boycotts, demonstrations as well as other forms of civil resistances. Inside reformers and insists usually seek for necessary inspirations from the models from other societies. They also take counsel and advice from comparable prior learning experiences by other many reformers, most of whom are recent diplomats. This report makes a conclusion that no country in the world can survive in its own. Every nation requires the service of another in order to maintain and satisfy the requirements and needs of its people. Trade is an economical pivot to every country. It brings in what the country never produces and gives out what the country produces but never uses exhaustively. In order for trade to thrive, there must be peace. Peace is brought about by international integration and understanding between the two nations. This, thus calls for the need for diplomacy. The past and the present diplomatic practitioners have mainly set examples to future practitioners as well as promised the world that peaceful integration between warring nations is underway.

The Power of Thinking Without Thinking by Gladwell, Malcolm Essay - 1

The Power of Thinking Without Thinking by Gladwell, Malcolm - Essay Example Gladwell talks about the â€Å"storytelling problem† which is essentially a concept that tells how humans develop wrong accounts of their choices and attitudes. Humans create stories unconsciously which support their decisions and actions. I do believe that the state of mind an individual is has a great impact on his/her decision-making skills, and the state of mind is controlled to a large extent by the environment. The author’s process as a writer was generally quite fair. I agree with most of the author’s points, though I slightly disagree occasionally. What I like about it is that the author has attempted to make the audiences realize the impact of the environment on their decisions that they conventionally consider coming entirely from them. This suggests that selection of the right place and the right time are pre-requisites of making a right decision. I find the storytelling problem a little confusing because I personally don’t quite agree that humans tend to develop wrong accounts of their own  behaviors.  

Greenwich Peninsula Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Greenwich Peninsula - Essay Example It is important to understand the aspect of cultural heritage in the landscape. At the core of this discussion is the question of how landscapes may be characterized, especially the non-visual features of the landscape. Interpretations of the landscape may be different from the perspective of different assessors, depending on their knowledge and experience. Therefore, the question of restoration becomes even more difficult to resolve especially when the authentic landscape - against which to measure success and the very legitimacy of the restoration - itself are in a hiatus. Humanities and the natural sciences appear to be in conflict in the interpretation of landscapes. Cosgrove (2003) compares landscape concepts and points to an approach that could harmonize the two perspectives, ecological and semiotic, closer. Another way is to increase interdisciplinary approaches in landscape studies. The concept of the landscape already implies an interdisciplinary appreciation; its study rarely achieves levels of theoretical integration (Tress et al. 2003). A group exercise was undertaken to examine Greenwich peninsula regeneration project with this inter-disciplinary approach and to critique the work carried out on this development. The findings of the group have been condensed into a 'group presentation' which is enclosed for reference. This essay represents an individual assessment of the Greenwich project as viewed by this writer. Choice of the Regeneration Project The group considered a number of regeneration projects currently under implementation in the UK, including the Glasshouses project, Kent coalfields, Spitalfields Market, Limestone House Education, and heritage center. Greenwich Peninsula regeneration project was selected for study, for a host of reasons, the prominent among them being: The reconstruction and regeneration of an area in the urban milieu was of special attraction to the members, especially because of the large variety and (voice) presence of the resident communities; The art and cultural background of the area; The challenge of regeneration in an area that has existed for centuries and has its own and special 'landscape'; and The proximity of the area. Description of the Development work In 1997, English Partnerships purchased a 300-acre site on the Greenwich peninsula and has invested 225 million to develop the site as a 'first-millennium' community promising homes to 28,000 people and deliver over 25,000 jobs. In all a quality of life that meets the expectations and challenges of the 21st century. The Greenwich Peninsula is being developed by Lend Lease and Quintain Estates and Development PLC in the joint venture under the name and style of Meridian Delta Limited, chosen by English Partnerships and the UK government to lead London's single largest regeneration scheme. The area has a rich history and has many listed buildings, monuments and places of historical interest.  

African Slave Trade and West African Underdevelopment

African Slave Trade and West African Underdevelopment This paper looks at whether the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa. The paper argues that the issue of African underdevelopment is extremely complex, including many factors, aside from the Atlantic slave trade, that have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the underdevelopment of Africa. The paper begins with a review of the slave trade, in terms of the numbers of people involved in this, and the immediate effects of this trade on local economies. The effects of this trade on importing economies is then reviewed, and it is shown that many importing countries benefited massively from this trade, through increased labour supply and through monetary gains which were then applied to developing industry in the importing countries. The repercussions of this industrial development are then discussed, in terms of its effects on Africa. The paper then moves on to look at the effect of the slave trade on Africa, in terms of the demographic imbalances this caused, and the effects this had on the development of African countries, in terms of social, political and economic development. The paper then moves on to look at the roles, and effects, of the colonial powers on African countries, in terms of exploitation of Africa’s natural resources and the immediate and long-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the continuing exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many African countries, through the massive interest payments required, which leaves little money for investment to develop local industry, or social projects. The paper thus sees African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans. In addition to looking at the effects of the slave trade on African underdevelopment, the term ‘underdevelopment’ will be discussed in an African context. As will be seen, Rodney (1972) argues, in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, that there is no such thing as ‘underdevelopment’, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of ‘more developed’ with ‘less developed’ nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972; p. 110-112). The paper will conclude that capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the slave trade and continues to the present day and is, as we have see, the major factor that was, and continues to be, responsible for th e comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we have argued, the slave trade per se did not contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, lack of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa. It is estimated by Curtin (1969) that 9,566,100 slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas and other parts of the Atlantic basin, from it’s beginning in 1451 to when this trade ended in 1870. Many subsequent researchers have, however, provided evidence which shows that this figure is an under-estimation; for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure some twenty per cent higher than Curtin’s (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) used new calculations, and new shipping data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000. Whatever the exact figure, however, it is clear that demographically, this trade had a massive impact on West Africa, with Thornton (1980) showing that there are marked differences in economic, demographic, political and social development between slave-depleted areas, slave-importing areas and slave-trading areas. The debate that subsequently surrounded Curtin’s estimation of the number of people involved in the Atlantic slave trade has therefore i nvolved much more than a disagreement about numbers: it rests more, now, on whether the slave trade was actually a contributing factor in the current underdevelopment of West Africa. This paper expands the ideas presented by Curtin (1969), and Thornton (1980), looking at the social, economic and political effects of the slave trade on Africa. Rodney (1972; p9-10) argues very strongly that development is characterised by growth in economic production, equity in the distribution of social product and autonomy in control over social processes, and that, as such, underdevelopment is not a state that can be overcome as ‘backward’ societies move through the same stages of growth as ‘advances’ societies, as, instead, Rodney sees capitalist development and underdevelopment as two sides of the same coin (Legassick, 1976). Rodney argues strongly, throughout his book, for African capability, but argues that deeply rooted, externally imposed structural constraints prevented, and prevents, the further development of African society[1]; for example, he argues that what he terms the ‘determinative power’ of the colonial state was one factor that contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa, not necessarily, therefore, that it was the slave trade per se that contributed wholly to the underdeve lopment of West Africa; this argument is somewhat supported by Brett (1973), who argues strongly throughout his book that the colonial state presence prevented industrialisation in the East African countries he studied, arguing that resource allocation led to peasant agricultural systems becoming the dominant form of agriculture in these countries, for example. It is interesting, then, that both these authors see colonial rule (i.e., political structure) as being the dominant force shaping underdevelopment in Africa, with Brett (1973) arguing that this was the sole factor important in shaping underdevelopment, and Rodney (1972) arguing that colonial rule was but one factor shaping underdevelopment in Africa, in concert with, for example, the demographic skews caused by the slave trade. As such, as Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue, the presence of a colonial power in Africa prevented the development of political structures which would have been conducive to a coherent and holistic development of an industrialised society in Africa; without a political structure which supported assessments of the international economy, from an African perspective, and without political power with an African interest, Africa was left high and dry, unable to develop on African terms, and left at the mercy of the colonial political power, who made decisions based on their own interests, not decisions that were best, in the short or long term, for Africa. The presence of the colonial power thus, itself, led to the underdevelopment of Africa, politically, which had, and continues to have (as we shall see) massive repercussions for African society, in terms of its economic and social development. This academic argument over the numbers of slaves involved in the slave trade shadows the massive scale of the problem: slaves were preferred to be between the ages of fifteen and thirty five, and more men were taken than women, at a ratio of 2:1, skewing the demographics of the towns and villages from where the slaves were taken (Rodney, 1972). As we have seen, 9,566,100 slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas and other parts of the Atlantic basin, from it’s beginning in 1451 to when this trade ended in 1870. Many subsequent researchers have, however, provided evidence which shows that this figure is an under-estimation; for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure some twenty per cent higher than Curtin’s (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) used new calculations, and new shipping data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000. Whatever the number of slaves that were exported, however, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade: this, essentially, led to a lack of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological developments, leading to a lack of internal development within Africa, which, couple with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to the death of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influence in the region, led directly to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to make decisions as to how to go forward and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to econo mic success. This alone has contributed to the lag in development of Africa, if, indeed it is a lag, if Africa can ever come out of the underdeveloped state it is in, which is a moot point, and which many argue can never happen. This, in conjunction with the massive exploitation of Africa’s natural resources, such as oil, diamonds, bauxite, copper, by external companies (owned by individuals based within the colonial powers) seeking to make a profit from these resources has, many argue, doomed Africa to perpetual underdevelopment. This, in conjunction with ‘aid’ loans given by the World Bank, for example, which have left the economies of African countries in massive debt, with the interest, alone, crippling the economies of these countries, has, again, left Africa in a situation from which it is difficult to see a recovery, let alone a move towards any form of meaningful economic development. The raping of Africa: it’s people, it’s resources, it’s opportun ities, is therefore something that has been present throughout it’s history and which continues to the present day. Thus, not only did the Atlantic slave trade contribute to the underdevelopment of Africa, through the many routes that have already been discussed, but the colonial presence in Africa which led to the raping of Africa’s natural resources, and the domination of these natural resources by external, foreign, companies, has led directly to underdevelopment. These resources were not available for exploitation by Africans, and so Africans were not able to profit from these resources, and were not able to invest these profits in growing industry or technological developments. As such, many scholars argue, Africa was, by the very fact of the raping of its natural resources, doomed to underdevelopment. This coupled with crippling levels of debt that have been incurred through ‘developmental aid’ loans with unfairly high levels of interest, from previous colonial powers, has led to the continued underdevelopment of many African countries. Current campaigns to ‘drop th e debt’ in many African countries may, it has to be said, have come far too late to have much effect, especially when one considers the other, more deadly, scourge which is altering African demographics today: HIV, which, it is estimated, culls more of the African population in many African countries than was ever taken by the slave trade. This new demographic threat is even more deadly considering that drugs are available to treat the disease caused by this virus, but that the current colonial powers, and the companies that are protected by laws of these colonial powers, do not allow these drugs to be sold at a reasonable cost to Africa, essentially blocking off a route to treatment, and condemning a whole generation of Africans to death, and through this, condemning Africa to decades, if not centuries, of continued underdevelopment. In light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perhaps the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africa’s underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. For example, African slaves were used in gold and silver mining in the Americas, and certainly speeded up Europe’s technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, growing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region which, ultimately, led to the Industrial Revolution. Other specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms; the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insuranc e following involvement in the slave trade. James Watt, of steam engine fame, also accepted money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam engine; without the slave trade, therefore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the world, would not be so well-developed. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution: it would, ironically, perhaps look something like Africa looks today. This simplistic analysis of the effects of the importing of slaves is just that: simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the exporting countries, fuelling longer and stricter periods of colonial rule in the exporting countries, and causing yet more underdevelopment in these countries. This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972)[2]. In addition, as many current scholars argue, it was, perhaps is, the inability of African societies to come to terms with the consequences of the slave trade that has also held the development of Africa back in realistic terms. For example, many of the African slaves were actually sold to Europeans by Africans themselves, either African leaders or traders, who often conducted raids to collect (i.e., kidnap) suitable subjects for sale in to slavery. Some of these African slave traders became very rich on the profits of their trade, but, unlike in Europe, as we have seen, these traders did not invest their profits in African society or in technological developments; they simply used the money for personal gain and personal interests. The interests of African slave traders in the slave trade, and their reliance on this trade, was shown to be extremely strong following the discussions to abolish this trade; much of the opposition to abolition was from African slave traders themselves, wh o were worried that they would lose out on a massive source of income. Indeed, many did lose income from the Atlantic slave trade and then turned to internal slave trading as a means of generating income. Thus, the slave trade, whilst lessening in volume, did not cease entirely in many African countries, and continued to contribute to a disruption of local societies and to a lack of holistic development of social, political and economic forces within many African societies, in which the slave traders (often rulers, as we have seen) began to act, to take the role of, the colonial power, forging similar patterns of underdevelopment to those described by Brett (1973) for colonial powers in Africa. In addition, much of the profit from the slave trade made by African slave traders was not invested in infrastructure or social projects, or in planning for development through technological improvements; most of the profits, as we have seen, were invested in arms for warfare or in consumer goods. This flood of consumer goods, produced outside of Africa, in Europe for example, had the effect of destroying the few local industries there were, with the long-term effect of destroying many of the manufacturing industries in Africa and, as such, denying Africans the basic conditions for economic growth. The slave trade did not encourage African societies to enter in to the international economy in a positive way, rather it encouraged Western economic development, through, as we have seen, providing a source of labour and income, and by providing markets for some of the new products that were being produced by the Industrial Revolution. This paper will conclude, therefore, that the Atlantic slave trade did not per se cause underdevelopment in Africa, rather that the slave trade is but one piece of a complicated jigsaw of effects that, as a whole, forced Africa in to underdevelopment. The slave trade did take massive numbers of young males out of Africa, thus causing severe depletions in the African workforce, and meaning that the African population growth was curtailed for many years, through lack of breeding, for example[3]. In addition, the import of a workforce in to Europe caused inflations in the local economies at the importing ports, which had cascade effects on the local areas; the slave trade also meant that many individuals became rich, and were able to fund technological developments, which helped to fuel, in part, the Industrial Revolution, for example. This meant that the colonial powers could govern more effectively and for a more prolonged period; meaning that political and social systems of control w ere not developed internally within the African slave-importing countries, this itself fuelling years of political and social underdevelopment. Thus, many factors, not just the slave trade per se contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa. A statement such as â€Å"the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa† is far too simplistic to describe the whole cascade of effects that were, have been, and continue to be important in the underdevelopment of West Africa. James Baldwin’s statement, â€Å"The past is what makes the present coherent, and the past will remain horribly incoherent for as long as we refuse to assess it honestly† is particularly apt for the current discussion of this issue. Scholars of different persuasions (whites vs. blacks, Marxists vs. non-Marxists etc) all have their own interpretations of this period of African history, but it is the responsibility of all mankind to assess this situation responsibly, to acknowledge the continued underdevelopment of Africa as a global, moral, responsibility of all humankind, and not to distort the past and use it to cause continued repression and underdevelopment of this continent. Recent plans, and recent events, for example, leading to the privatisation of water in many African countries is, for example, nothing more than a repeat of colonialism in Africa, a repeat of the raping of Africa, with foreign firms entering in to African economies and destroying them: water privatisation has been shown, for example, to devastate local economies, through ground-up failures in local businesses who can no longer afford to use water. That this has been allowed to happen is a travesty, an insult to Africa, and to all underdeveloped nations; it is a continuation of the exploitation of Africa, its people and its resources, that began at the time of the inception of the slave trade and which continues until the present day. It should ideally be that governments learn from their mistakes through analysis of historical records, not that these mistakes are hidden and repeated in future. As Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue strongly, however, money talks more than moral resp onsibilities, and capitalism will always have two sides: one side that wins and another that loses, facing underdevelopment and poverty as a consequence of losing this battle. As we have seen, this paper has looked at whether the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa. The paper has argued that the issue of African underdevelopment is extremely complex, including many factors, aside from the Atlantic slave trade, that have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the underdevelopment of Africa. The paper began with a review of the slave trade, in terms of the numbers of people involved in this, and the immediate effects of this trade on local economies. The effects of this trade on importing economies was then reviewed, and it was shown that many importing countries benefited massively from this trade, through increased labour supply and through monetary gains which were then applied to developing industry in the importing countries[4]. The repercussions of this industrial development were then discussed, in terms of its effects on Africa, showing that local industry was destroyed as a result of cheap imports of textiles, for example, following the manufacturing of this in England following the Industrial Revolution. The paper then moved on to look at the effect of the slave trade on Africa, in terms of the demographic imbalances this caused, and the effects this had on the development of African countries, in terms of social, political and economic development. It was shown that African economic development was held back directly, due to the lack of a workforce and the decline in population growth in Africa over the period the slave trade was active. The paper then moved on to look at the roles, and effects, of the colonial powers on African countries, in terms of exploitation of Africa’s natural resources and the immediate and long-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the continuing exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many African countries, through the massive interest payments required, which leaves little money for investment to develop local industry, or social projects. The paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans. The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the responsibility of all mankind to act to improve the chances, the opportunities for, all African children, so that the cycle of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very dark side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment. As we have seen, in light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perhaps the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africa’s underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. African slaves were used in gold and silver mining in the Americas, harvesting gold and silver, which was then used to develop these countries. Slavery also certainly speeded up Europe’s technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, growing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region, which, ultimately, led to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution led the world in to industrialisation, or rather, those sections of the world which had political, economic and social systems in place to realise the implications of the Industrial Revolution and to jump on board of it before they got left behind and exploited. As we have seen, other specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms; the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. James Watt, of steam engine fame, also accepted money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam engine; without the slave trade, therefore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the world, would not be so well-developed. Thus, there is a direct line linking the slave trade with industrial development in the industrial world. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution: it would, ironically, perhaps look something like Africa looks today. That Africa was not part of this development, despite the fact that Africans he lped fuel this development is a cruelly ironic historical fact. This simplistic analysis of the effects of the importing of slaves is just that: simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the exporting countries, fuelling longer and stricter periods of colonial rule in the exporting countries, and causing yet more underdevelopment in these countries. This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972). As we have seen, this paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment is a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans[5]. The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the responsibility of all mankind to act to improve the chances, the opportunities for, all African children, so that the cycle of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very dark side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment. As we have seen, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as ‘underdevelopment’, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of ‘more developed’ with ‘less developed’ nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972; p. 110-112). Capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the slave trade and continues to the present day and is, as we have see, the major factor that was, and continues to be, responsible for the comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we have argued, the slave trade per se did not contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, lack of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa. That this can be allowed to continue in to the present day is a blight on the whole of mankind, on everyone who allows this to happen, and on everyone who stands by whilst it happens. In this day and age, when children of eight years old have mobile phones and laptop computers in the ‘developed’ world, it is a travesty that many Africans are having to pay for their water, that many Africans die of AIDS because drug companies refuse to sell drugs to Africa at a reasonable cost, that the legacy of colonialism is still alive in Africa, causing continued suffering, death and exploitation. Africa, romantic, beautiful Africa, of sunsets and safaris, is more than that: it is a rich country, with strong cultures, the birthplace of mankind, and, as such, it deserves more than continued exploitation. Why should an African child’s life be worth less than an English child’s life? In this day and age this modern form of slavery, i.e., lack of opportunity, is as harmful as previous forms of slavery, if not more harmful, and is little more than a repeat of previous forms of slavery, in terms of condemning Africans to a life of misery whilst, all around, everyone else enjoys the benefits of development. Bibliography Brett, E.A., 1973. Colonialism and underdevelopment in East Africa: the politics of economic change. London: Heinemann Educational Books. Curtin, P.D., 1969. The Atlantic slave trade: a census. Madison: Wisconsin. Henige, D., 1986. Measuring the immeasurable: the Atlantic slave trade, West African population and the Pyrrhonian Critic. The Journal of African History 27(2), pp.295-313. Legassick, M., 1976. Review article: perspectives on African development. Journal of African History 17(3), pp.435-440. Lovejoy, P.E., 1982. The volume of the Atlantic slave trade. The Journal of African History 23(4), pp.473-501. Rodney, W., 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications. Stein, R., 1978. Measuring the French slave trade 1713-1792/3. Journal of African history 19(4), pp.515-521. Thornton, J., 1980. The slave trade in eighteenth century Angola: effects on demographic structures. Canadian Journal of African Studies 14(3), pp.417-427. 1 Footnotes [1] In the same vein, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as ‘underdevelopment’, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of ‘more developed’ with ‘less developed’ nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972; p. 110-112). [2] As has been argued, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade: this, essentially, led to a lack of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological developments, leading to a lack of internal development within Africa, which, couple with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to the death of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influence in the region, led directly to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to make decisions as to how to go forward and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to economic success. [3] Rodney, for example, in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa shows that whilst the population of Europe quadrupled over the period when the slave trade was functioning, the population of Africa grew by only twenty per cent. [4] For example, we have seen specific examples from an English context, including individuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms; the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. We have also seen how James Watt, of steam en